Referencing in Year 11 and 12
Why do you need to include references and a bibliography?
1. To give credit to the people whose ideas you have used and whose work you have built upon
2. So people reading your work can find the texts you have referred to
3. Because academic writing has rules and conventions, and referencing is part of that
1. To give credit to the people whose ideas you have used and whose work you have built upon
2. So people reading your work can find the texts you have referred to
3. Because academic writing has rules and conventions, and referencing is part of that
What's the difference between a reference and a bibliography?
References
When you mention an idea or finding that you took directly from another author, you use a reference in your assignment to give that author credit.
Bibliography
A list of sources that you used to provide the information for the task. The bibliography goes at the end of your assignment.
References
When you mention an idea or finding that you took directly from another author, you use a reference in your assignment to give that author credit.
Bibliography
A list of sources that you used to provide the information for the task. The bibliography goes at the end of your assignment.
What do you need to reference?
You don't need to reference your own ideas.
You don't need to reference commonly known facts.
You do need to reference things like...
You don't need to reference your own ideas.
You don't need to reference commonly known facts.
You do need to reference things like...
- Direct quotes
- That author's ideas
- Expert knowledge from that author
- Research that author has done
About different referencing styles
There are a lot of different referencing styles. They all do the same thing but are formatted slightly differently. Your teacher will tell you if they want you to use a specific style (eg. Harvard). If they haven't specified, it doesn't matter which style you use as long as you use it correctly and consistently.
There are a lot of different referencing styles. They all do the same thing but are formatted slightly differently. Your teacher will tell you if they want you to use a specific style (eg. Harvard). If they haven't specified, it doesn't matter which style you use as long as you use it correctly and consistently.
In-text referencing
What?
A reference in the body of your writing.
When?
When you refer directly to someone else's work.
How?
When you mention an author by name:
What?
A reference in the body of your writing.
When?
When you refer directly to someone else's work.
How?
When you mention an author by name:
Hales and Paul (2011) note Spinazzola's pride in his archaeological methods.
Just the date goes in the brackets
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When you refer to an idea or piece of information you got from their work:
Spinazzola was more careful with his excavations (Hales and Paul 2011).
The author's name and the date go in the brackets
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When you quote an author directly:
"Whereas prior generations had dug straight through such remains, Spinazzola trumpeted as a hallmark of his archaeological practice the detection and conservation of these rare elements." (Hales and Paul 2011, p. 253)
The author's name, the date and the page number go in the brackets
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Footnotes
What?
A reference at the bottom of the page. In the body of the text there will be a little number to signify that there is a footnote.
When?
Like in-text referencing, footnotes are used when you refer directly to someone else's work.
How?
Footnotes look the same whether you are mentioning an author by name, referring to an idea of theirs or quoting them directly. Word, Pages and Google Docs all have a footnote option in the Insert menu. How you need to format your footnote depends what style of referencing you are using.
What?
A reference at the bottom of the page. In the body of the text there will be a little number to signify that there is a footnote.
When?
Like in-text referencing, footnotes are used when you refer directly to someone else's work.
How?
Footnotes look the same whether you are mentioning an author by name, referring to an idea of theirs or quoting them directly. Word, Pages and Google Docs all have a footnote option in the Insert menu. How you need to format your footnote depends what style of referencing you are using.
Endnotes
What?
A reference at the end of the document. In the body of the text there will be a little number to signify that there is an endnote.
When?
Like in-text referencing and footnotes, endnotes are used when you refer directly to someone else's work.
How?
Endnotes look the same whether you are mentioning an author by name, referring to an idea of theirs or quoting them directly. Word and Pages have an endnote option in the Insert menu. How you need to format your endote depends what style of referencing you are using.
What?
A reference at the end of the document. In the body of the text there will be a little number to signify that there is an endnote.
When?
Like in-text referencing and footnotes, endnotes are used when you refer directly to someone else's work.
How?
Endnotes look the same whether you are mentioning an author by name, referring to an idea of theirs or quoting them directly. Word and Pages have an endnote option in the Insert menu. How you need to format your endote depends what style of referencing you are using.
Bibliographies
The bibliography is the list of all the resources you used for your work, whether you quoted them directly or not. The format of your bibliography depends on the style of referencing you are using, but there are online generators for most styles. The SLASA Referencing generator is Harvard style.
Regardless of format, organise the bibliography alphabetically by surname. If the source doesn't have an author, place that source alphabetically by its title.
You still need to include a bibliography when you use footnotes or endnotes, even though they include the full reference in the footnote/endnote. The reference is formatted differently in the bibliography to how it is formatted in the footnote/endnote.
The bibliography is the list of all the resources you used for your work, whether you quoted them directly or not. The format of your bibliography depends on the style of referencing you are using, but there are online generators for most styles. The SLASA Referencing generator is Harvard style.
Regardless of format, organise the bibliography alphabetically by surname. If the source doesn't have an author, place that source alphabetically by its title.
You still need to include a bibliography when you use footnotes or endnotes, even though they include the full reference in the footnote/endnote. The reference is formatted differently in the bibliography to how it is formatted in the footnote/endnote.
Where to find information about a style you haven't used before
Search for the name of the style in Google and look for pages from universities as most universities have comprehensive and easy to follow referencing guides on their websites, and some have links to free referencing generators. (To do this quickly add inurl:edu to your search; this will limit the results to only educational institutions)
Search for the name of the style in Google and look for pages from universities as most universities have comprehensive and easy to follow referencing guides on their websites, and some have links to free referencing generators. (To do this quickly add inurl:edu to your search; this will limit the results to only educational institutions)
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